The role of the electric field in confinement

Abstract
Theories of the electric field effect on toroidal plasma confinement are reviewed with the emphasis placed on recent progress in the areas of anomalous transport, structural formation and bifurcation, research which has been motivated by the discovery of improved confinement. Topics include single-particle physics, such as particle orbits or collisional transport, turbulent transport, transport matrix, structural formation and dynamics, bifurcation, and improved confinement.