Invasion of white clover roots by fungi and other soil micro-organisms IV. Survey of root-invading fungi and nematodes in some New Zealand pastures

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Abstract
Microbial invasion of white clover roots in turf samples from grazed pasture at 48 sites in New Zealand was investigated, using microscopy and plate culture isolation techniques to identify fungi and nematodes. Clover cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii Goffart), root knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.), and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.) were detected by microscopy in samples from 75, 58 and 48% of sites, respectively. Mycorrhizal infections (from 88% of sites), thalli of Polymyxa graminis Ledingham (29%), and oospores of oomycete fungi (19%) were also detected in roots examined by microscopy. Fungi frequently isolated from segments of surface-sterilized roots, and predominant among isolates at 1 or more sites were Bimuria novae-zelandiae D. Hawksw., Chea et Sheridan, Codinaea fertilis Hughes et Kendrick, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht., Phoma chrysanthemicola Hollos, species of Chrysosporium, Cylindrocarpon, and Colletotrichum, and fungi with sterile dark or sterile white mycelium. These fungi accounted for 73% of all isolates. Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc., F. avenaceum (Corda ex Fr.) Sacc., Ceratobasidium cornigerum (Bourd.) Rogers, species of Acremonium, Gliocladium, Phomopsis, Phoma, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Periconia, and some unidentified oomycetes and basidiomycetes accounted for 22% of fungal isolates, but none was predominant at any site.

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