Regeneration of somatic embryos from protoplasts isolated from an embryogenic suspension culture of white spruce (Picea glauca)

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Abstract
Regeneration of white spruce (Picea glauca) somatic embryos from protoplasts derived from an embryogenic suspension culture was accomplished using a culture medium containing 2 mgl−1 2,4-D and 1 mgl−1 6-BAP. Divisions within 2 days led to plating efficiencies in the order of 24% after 9 days. A reduction in the osmoticum, necessary for sustained growth, was carried out gradually over 30 days. Embedding in agarose and culture in 5 cm petri dishes prior to transfer of agarose blocks to a bead type culture, led to the formation of somatic embryos as early as 23 days after isolation and yielded plating efficiencies in the order of 5–10% after 35 days culture.