Bionomics and Parasites of a Needle Miner, Coleotechnites sp., 1 Infesting Jeffrey Pine in Southern California

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Abstract
The needle miner is univoltine with 4 larval stadia and mines the distal ⅓ to ½ of a single needle. Seven hymenopterous parasites were found associated with the needle miner: Zagrammasoma multilineatum Ashmead (Eulophidae), Copidosoma deceptor Miller (Encyrtidae), Haltichella rhyacioniae Gahan and Spilochalcis side Walker (both Chalcididae) were recorded as primary, Chrysocharis robusta Yoshimoto (Eulophidae) as a primary-secondary, and Mesopolobus (= Amblymerus ) sp. (Pteromalidae) and Tetrasticus sp. (Eulophidae) as secondary parasites. With the exception of H. rhyacioniae , conspecific or congeneric representatives of these species have been previously recorded from populations of other Coleotechnites spp.

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