Surfactant-induced Ethylene Production by Leaf Tissue

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Abstract
Ethylene evolution induced by nonionic (Triton X-100, Triton X-405, Tween 20, Ortho X-77 and Regulaid), anionic (Aerosol OT and Dupanol ME), and cationic (Arquad C-50 and Arquad 2C-75) surfactants was characterized using cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. supsb. unguiculata ‘Dixielee’] seedlings. Representative surfactants of each ionogenic class induced ethylene evolution. Time course studies revealed an increased rate of ethylene evolution during the first 6 to 12 hr after treatment, followed by a slow decrease for the next 12 to 36 hr, and a return to control levels within 48 hr. Ethylene production induced by Triton X-100 increased with increasing concentration, while Tween 20 did not induce ethylene at concentrations up to 1.0%. Surfactants that promoted ethylene evolution also generally induced visible phytotoxicity. Phytotoxicity symptoms increased with increasing time after treatment. Surfactant-induced ethylene production and phytotoxicity were observed with corn (Zea mays L. ‘B73 × MO17’), wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Hillsdale’), soybean (Glycine max Merr. ‘McCall’), apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Golden Delicious’), and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. ‘Montmorency’). Tween 20, nonactive on cowpea, induced ethylene and phytotoxicity when applied to the abaxial surface of sour cherry leaves. Chemical names used: octyl-phenoxypoly(ethoxy)ethanol (Triton X-100 and X-405), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), alkylaryl polyoxyethylene glycols/free fatty acids/isopropanol (Ortho X-77), polyoxyethylenepolypropoxypropanol alkyl 2-ethoxyethanol/dihydroxy-propane (Regulaid), diocytl sodium sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT), sodium lauryl sulfate (Dupanol ME), monococo trimethyl ammonium chloride (Arquad C-50), dicoco dimethyl ammonium chloride (Arquad 2C-75).

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