Quantification of glutamate, glutamine, and other metabolites in In Vivo proton NMR spectroscopy

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Abstract
A reliable quantification of in vivo1H MRS spectra is hampered by extensive line overlap, by intensity distortions due to the water suppressing pulse sequence and complex modulation patterns of J‐coupled spins, and by deviations between the experimental and model lineshapes in computer fitting programs. By correcting the experimental lineshape, using a suitable pulse sequence, and incorporating prior knowledge about the spin systems and the intensity distortions, a sufficient quantification is possible. If reliable. T2 values are available absolute concentrations can be determined.