The naturalisation of plants in urban Auckland, New Zealand 4. The nature of the naturalised species

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Abstract
The 615 naturalised species in 9 life modes (204 annuals, 3 biennials, 233 herbaceous perennials, 105 woody perennials, 5 large monocotyledons, 40 vines, 18 water plants, 2 parasites, 5 pteridophytes) are discussed in relation to morphology, reproduction, dispersal and ecology.