Heterogeneity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains at a German university hospital during a 1-year period

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Abstract
Heterogeneous methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, including community-acquired MRSA strains, have been observed in Central Europe. The purpose of this study was to characterize by molecular methods MRSA isolated during the period 2002–2003 at the Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital in Magdeburg, Germany, and at a nearby chronic care facility. Strains were analyzed for their resistance phenotype. Selected isolates were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), by an allele-specific PCR for the staphylococcal accessory gene regulator (agr), and by PCR for the presence of toxin genes (sea–sej, tsst-1, hlgA, C, and B, lukE/D, and luk-pvl). Of the 2,731 S. aureus isolates studied, 199 (7.3%) were MRSA, with a prevalence of 21.6%, 19.6%, and 12% in the department of dermatology, the chronic care facility, and the intensive care units. Six different sequence types (ST247, ST228, ST22, ST22a, ST225, and ST45) were observed. Of these, ST22, ST22a, and ST45 dominated (>50%) in the department of dermatology and the chronic care facility. Strains with these sequence types were usually not resistant to gentamicin and were associated with agr group I, the SCCmec type IV element, and the presence of the sec and sed toxin genes. ST228 strains were found mainly in the intensive care units and had a broader resistance phenotype and were associated with agr group II and the SCCmec type I element. All luk-pvl-positive MRSA isolates (n=8) belonged to agr group I and were typed as ST22 or ST45 and contained the SCCmec type I (n=1), type III (n=1), or type IV (n=6) element. The main observations of this study are in concordance with previously reported findings showing dissemination of MRSA in Central Europe. Through the multitude of applied methods, the data from this study contribute to a more precise knowledge about the heterogeneity of MRSA in a clinical setting. Rapid dissemination of MRSA clones at a university hospital was demonstrated, indicating that dissemination may depend on the environmental conditions within the individual departments.

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