Sacral neuromodulation for treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction

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Abstract
Despite initial reservations, sacral neuromodulation has begun to develop as a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction. It bridges the gap between conservative treatment options and highly invasive procedures, such as urinary diversion. At present, there are no clinical variables that can reliably predict the efficacy of neuromodulation in an individual patient. All patients, regardless of indication, must therefore undergo a test stimulation before they can be offered chronic sacral neuromodulation with an implanted system. Evaluations in various clinical trials have confirmed that sacral neuromodulation, based on unilateral sacral foramen electrode implantation, has statistically significant therapeutic effects compared to controls, in patients with urge syndromes and failure to empty. The patients most likely to benefit from this treatment are those with detrusor hyperactivity or detrusor hypo‐activity. Those with pain syndromes are less likely to respond and to benefit from treatment. Acute and subchronic sacral neuromodulation are associated with very low rates of complications. Complications of chronic sacral neuromodulation are caused either by surgery‐related morbidity or hardware problems. Conservative treatment options should be exhausted before neuromodulation is considered. This rule has two purposes: First, it postpones surgery, with its potential morbidity, for as long as possible; second, the long‐term efficacy of neuromodulation is still unclear and may be limited in some patients. A fully exploited conservative therapy, in combination with subsequent sacral neuromodulation, may therefore be the optimum way to pursue therapeutic options of relatively low invasiveness.