Formation of metal–oxygen–polymer complexes on polystyrene with nickel and chromium

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Abstract
The microscopic interactions between vapor-deposited nickel and chromium atoms and oxygen-treated polystyrene surfaces were investigated using x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Exposure to atomic oxygen created single bonds between carbon and oxygen atoms in both C–O–H and C–O–C groups. The resulting O 1s core lineshape shifted from 533.2 to 532.7 eV after deposition of Ni and from 533.6 to 531.9 eV after deposition of Cr. These changes indicate the formation of metal–oxygen–polymer complexes at the interface. The presence of these complexes correlated with an increase in the adhesion of these metal films to the oxygen-treated substrate compared to the clean polystyrene substrate.

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