Germination, Growth, and Development of Spurred Anoda

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Abstract
Spurred anoda [Anoda cristata(L.) Schlect.] seed germination averaged 0.5 to 3.0% for seeds buried in the field for up to 20 months under natural conditions. These same seeds averaged over 76% germination after scarification with concentrated sulfuric acid, indicating hard seed coat involvement in seed dormancy. Germination was unaffected by light variables but increased as temperature increased. Germination of scarified seed increased from 50% to 85% as temperature was increased from 18 C to 30 C. Spurred anoda developed more slowly than did cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Coker 310′) for the first 45 days. After that spurred anoda grew more rapidly until by 60 days after emergence, the weed was larger than cotton as measured by shoot height and total leaf surface area. This difference in development between cotton and spurred anoda indicates postemergence directed sprays of herbicides might be useful as a control tool.