Evolution of the Helicobacter pylori Vacuolating Cytotoxin in a Human Stomach

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Abstract
A reversion assay system previously implemented to demonstrate the existence of adaptive or stationary-phase-induced mutagenesis in Bacillus subtilis was utilized in this report to study the influence of the mismatch DNA repair (MMR) system on this type of mutagenesis. Results revealed that a strain deficient in MutSL showed a significant propensity to generate increased numbers of stationary-phase-induced revertants. These results suggest that absence or depression of MMR is an important factor in the mutagenesis of nongrowing B. subtilis cells because of the role of MMR in repairing DNA damage. In agreement with this suggestion, a significant decrease in the number of adaptive revertant colonies, for the three markers tested, occurred in B. subtilis cells which overexpressed a component of the MMR system. Interestingly, the single overexpression of mutS, but not of mutL, was sufficient to decrease the level of adaptive mutants in the reversion assay system of B. subtilis. The results presented in this work, as well as in our previous studies, appear to suggest that an MMR deficiency, putatively attributable to inactivation or saturation with DNA damage of MutS, may occur in a subset of B. subtilis cells that differentiate into the hypermutable state.