A new technique for evaluating sphincter function in visceral organs: application of the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) for the evaluation of the oesophago–gastric junction

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Abstract
No quantitative method has been implemented routinely in clinical practice to assess the oesophago-gastric junction (OGJ). Using impedance planimetry a functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) was constructed to measure eight cross-sectional areas (CSA) at 4 mm intervals inside a saline-filled bag. To validate the FLIP technique for profiling the OGJ, polymethylmethacrylate (Perspex) cylinders with different CSAs were measured ten times by the FLIP to assess reproducibility and accuracy. A geometric sphincter phantom was constructed and its geometry was measured with a 360 degrees radial ultrasound (US) mini-probe pulled through it at a rate of 1 mm s(-1). The measurements were compared with FLIP measurements. Safety and technique reproducibility were tested on a volunteer. Reproducibility and accuracy between the ten samples were good. The probe performed well with and without a balloon mounted on it except for the smallest CSA (38.5 mm(2)) where there was a difference of 22% from the actual value at one CSA measurement point. The FLIP imaged the phantom geometry as well as the radial scanning US mini-probe. Pilot studies on a volunteer showed that the probe could be placed in the OGJ and the balloon distensions revealed the geometry of the sphincter at various levels of distension. The technique may be useful in accessing the role of the OGJ in diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and achalasia and their treatments with surgical and endoscopic therapies.

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