Novel techniques for field assessment of copper toxicity on fouling assemblages

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Abstract
Laboratory toxicity tests generally expose organisms to a constant concentration of a toxicant in a uniform environment. The two techniques outlined in this paper assess the impact of a model toxicant, copper, on marine fouling assemblages in the field. These techniques allow natural assemblages to develop under a regime of toxicant dosing. The experiments were conducted using both techniques over time frames ranging from 2 weeks to 6 months. Short term experiments using the techniques assess the effects of toxicant exposure on recruitment. The longer term experiments enabled detection of certain indirect impacts of pollution. These include effects due to competition for space and variations in the susceptibility of organisms with age. Over the course of the experiments, a range of responses to copper was observed for different taxa. Both techniques have the potential to be used for testing the impact of other toxicants. Approaches such as those described are necessary in order to understand how communities react to toxicants in real world situations.