Abstract
The first successful totally artificial device to replace a cardiac valve was implanted in the aortic-valve position by Dr. Dwight Harken in March 1960 at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston.1 Shortly thereafter, Dr. Nina Braunwald, at the National Institutes of Health, performed a total mitral-valve replacement with an artificial valve.2 Harken's caged-ball device and Braunwald's flexible-leaflet valve were primitive as compared with today's artificial valves. In the ensuing years, numerous modifications of existing valves were made and ingenious new valves were introduced to address specific deficiencies identified in earlier devices during clinical use. I will briefly summarize the . . .

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