Hepatoprotective Effect of Endogenous Nitric Oxide During Ischemia–Reperfusion in the Rat

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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective or deleterious effects of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) on liver cells during hepatic ischemia‐reperfusion (IR) in the rat. Injury to hepatocytes and endothelial cells was evaluated by determining cytolysis‐marker activity in plasma (alanine transaminase [ALT]; aspartate transaminase [AST]) and plasma hyaluronic acid (HA) concentration. Clamping the hepatic pedicle for 45 minutes caused a significant increase in plasma AST and ALT activity after 30 minutes of reperfusion, which reached a maximum (+270% and +740%, respectively) after 6 hours of reperfusion. Plasma HA concentration was significantly higher (+130%) only after 6 hours of reperfusion. Administration of a nonselective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, Nω‐nitro‐L ‐arginine (L ‐NNA; 10 mg/kg iv), 30 minutes before IR, caused marked aggravation of postischemic liver injury, as shown by plasma ALT and AST activity and HA concentration. This deleterious effect was partially prevented by the simultaneous injection of L ‐arginine, the endogenous NO precursor (100 mg/kg iv). Interestingly, L ‐arginine alone limited postischemic damage (AST, −25%; ALT, −45%; HA, −21% vs. untreated IR rats at 6 hours reperfusion). Pretreatment with the Guanosine 3′:5′‐cyclic monophosphate‐independent vasodilator, prazosin, partially reversed L ‐NNA effects, but it did not protect untreated IR animals. Pretreatment with aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor of inducible NOS, did not aggravate hepatic IR injury. Thus, endogenous NO, probably produced by an early and transient activation of a constitutive NOS, protects both hepatocytes and endothelial cells against liver ischemia–reperfusion injury, and this effect is not entirely a result of vasorelaxation.