Defects and transport in LiNbO3

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Abstract
The defect chemistry of LiNbO3 has been studied by measurement of the equilibrium electrical conductivity as a function of temperature, oxygen activity, Li/Nb ratio, and impurity additions. Density changes indicate that Nb-excess defects result from both Li2O-deficiency and reduction. Oxygen vacancies are not a major defect in LiNbO3. Insensitivity to changes in Li/Nb ratio, and to additions of aliovalent impurities in amounts up to several percent, implies a very large degree of intrinsic ionic disorder. It is proposed that there is little energetic preference for the cation stacking sequences characteristic of the LiNbO3 and ilmenite structures and that this results in extensive cationic disorder.

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