Modifying structure and properties of optical films by coevaporation

Abstract
Coevaporated e‐beam films show modification of structure and properties that depend on composition. In pure zirconia films, x‐ray diffraction indicates two crystal phases present and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) shows a columnar structure. The pore fractions in these films can exceed 25%. The admixture of small amounts of silica (20%, the films show an amorphous structure lacking columnar growth. Measurements of refractive index and thickness as a function of composition indicate an initial decrease in porosity with increasing silica content. A simple model gives the porosity of the films as a function of composition. In addition, the mixed films show greater index stability, decreased surface roughness, and decreased optical scatter.