Endotoxin reduces availability of voltage-gated human skeletal muscle sodium channels at depolarized membrane potentials*

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Abstract
. This study was designed to investigate a potential direct interaction of lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli with voltage-gated human skeletal muscle sodium channels (NaV1.4) in vitro. Design: In vitro laboratory investigation. Setting: University laboratory. Subjects: NaV1.4 sodium channel α-subunits stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Interventions: We investigated the effect of lipopolysaccharide on voltage-dependent sodium channel gating by using two distinct modes of application: 1) acute perfusion (pharmacologic lipopolysaccharide concentrations between 5 ng/mL and 50 μg/mL) in order to establish a concentration-effect relationship; and 2) incubation with a clinically relevant concentration of lipopolysaccharide (300 pg/mL). Measurements and Main Results: Lipopolysaccharide did not alter the kinetics of sodium current activation or inactivation when depolarizations were started from hyperpolarized holding potentials. However, when either fast or slow inactivation was induced by membrane depolarization before the test pulse, lipopolysaccharide reversibly reduced channel availability during the test pulse at concentrations of ≥50 ng/mL revealed by a maximum hyperpolarizing shift of −25 mV in the voltage dependence of fast and slow inactivation, respectively. Incubation with a lipopolysaccharide concentration of 300 pg/mL for 1 hr reproduced the effects on slow but not on fast inactivation. After 20 hrs of low-dose lipopolysaccharide, the peak sodium current was significantly reduced. Conclusions: Our results show that lipopolysaccharide interacts with voltage-gated sodium channels, reducing channel availability at depolarized membrane potentials during acute application, independent of the membrane potential after chronic exposure. These effects may contribute to reduced muscle membrane excitability in sepsis....