X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with x-ray photons of higher energy

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Abstract
There have been few studies using ionizing photons higher in energy than Al Kα (1487 eV). However, characteristic x rays such as Au Mα (2123 eV) and Ag Lα (2984 eV) are nearly as narrow in energy, and can provide deeper core photoelectron lines and their companion core-type Auger lines in the spectra of 26 elements that otherwise cannot be recorded. Such data are of special value in identifying chemical states by the two-dimensional approach. This involves plotting Auger kinetic energy against photoelectron kinetic energy. The Auger Parameter is the difference between these two energies. Chemical shifts in the Auger parameter provide information on polarization effects in the medium. New data are shown for solid compounds of silicon, sulfur, bromine, and tungsten, obtained with Au Mα x rays. Other reported data obtained with x rays ≳1500 eV are included for comparison. The data for the eighteen compounds of tungsten show considerable variation in chemical shifts in the M5N7N7 Auger line as well as those of the 3d5/2 photoelectron line; neither of these lines is accessible by Al Kα radiation.

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