Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Control of Heart Rate in Unanaesthetized Fetal and Newborn Lambs

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Abstract
Development of autonomic nervous control of basal heart rate was studied in unanesthetized fetal lambs (93 days to term) and newborn lambs (2–29 days), using atropine and/or propranolol blockade. Fetal lambs showed a progressive increase in parasympathetic restraint of heart rate; vagal influence in the newborn lamb was similar to the term fetus. Sympathetic stimulation of fetal heart rate declined toward term, possibly due to the strongly increasing parasympathetic influence. Sympathetic influence in the newborn was similar to the early-gestation fetus. Intrinsic heart rate was about 185 beats/min throughout the fetal and newborn life span studied. Thus changes in basal heart rate resulted from a different balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the autonomic nervous outflow.