Maternal alcohol and tobacco consumption and their association with nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

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Abstract
Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) were associated with favorable pregnancy outcome, although little is known about factors influencing its occurrence. NVP was studied in 210 patients. Smoking and alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy were estimated in 2 personal interviews during gestation. Of the subjects, 72% had NVP in the first 4 mo. of pregnancy. Smokers had significantly less NVP than non-smokers (52% vs. 79%). NVP in smokers was negatively associated with alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy, with the stronger relation being for alcohol reported in the 6 mo. before pregnancy; only 46% of smokers drinking more than 1/2 fl oz of absolute alcohol daily in this period reported NVP, while 68% of smokers drinking less had NVP. For non-smokers, there was no relation between alcohol use in any period and NVP. The risk of NVP associated with pre-pregnancy drinking was not related to any change in alcohol consumption after conception. An interaction is suggested between NVP, smoking and reported alcohol consumption. The association of favorable pregnancy outcome with NVP may be in part a reflection of moderation in maternal alcohol and tobacco use.

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