Lactation and the Risk of Breast Cancer

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Abstract
Two decades ago the relation of certain reproductive characteristics to the risk of breast cancer appeared to be well established. Nulliparity, an early age at menarche, an older age at menopause, and an older age at the first full-term pregnancy were associated with an increased risk, whereas oophorectomy at an early age was known to be protective1. These risk factors are still recognized2. The number of full-term pregnancies, age at the time of full-term pregnancies after the first, and lactation were considered to have little or no independent effect on the incidence of breast cancer once the associations . . .

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