Metabolism Is Required for the Expression of Ecstasy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Vitro

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Abstract
Cardiovascular complications associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) abuse have increasingly been reported. The indirect effect of MDMA mediated by a sustained high level of circulating biogenic amines may contribute to the cardiotoxic effects, but other factors, like the direct toxic effects of MDMA and its metabolites in cardiac cells, remain to be investigated. Thus, the objective of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the potential cardiotoxic effects of MDMA and its major metabolites 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), N-methyl-α-methyldopamine (N-Me-α-MeDA), and α-methyldopamine (α-MeDA) using freshly isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. The cell suspensions were incubated with these compounds in the final concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mM for 4 h. α-MeDA, N-Me-α-MeDA, and their respective aminochromes (oxidation products) were quantified in cell suspensions by HPLC-DAD. The toxic effects were evaluated at hourly intervals for 4 h by measuring the percentage of cells with normal morphology, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione disulfide (GSSG); intracellular Ca2+, ATP, and ADP; and the cellular activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase. No toxic effects were found after exposure of rat cardiomyocytes to MDMA or MDA at any of the tested concentrations for 4 h. In contrast, their catechol metabolites N-Me-α-MeDA and α-MeDA induced significant toxicity in rat cardiomyocytes. The toxic effects were characterized by a loss of normal cell morphology, which was preceded by a loss of GSH homeostasis due to conjugation of GSH with N-Me-α-MeDA and α-MeDA, sustained increase of intracellular Ca2+ levels, ATP depletion, and decreases in the antioxidant enzyme activities. The oxidation of N-Me-α-MeDA and α-MeDA into the toxic compounds N-methyl-α-methyldopaminochrome and α-methyldopaminochrome, respectively, was also verified in cell suspensions incubated with these MDMA metabolites. The results obtained in this study provide evidence that the metabolism of MDMA into N-Me-α-MeDA and α-MeDA is required for the expression of MDMA-induced cardiotoxicity in vitro, being N-Me-α-MeDA the most toxic of the studied metabolites.