Species diversity and abundance of Dacus (Diptera: Tephritidae) in five ecosystems of Penang, West Malaysia

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Abstract
Dacus dorsalis Hend. infested eleven, D. cucurbitae Coq. five and D. umbrosus F. two of the eighteen common fruits and vegetables grown in Penang, West Malaysia. D. tau (Wlk.) infested bacang (Mangifera foetida), D. caudatus F. chilli (Capsicum annuum) and D. frauenfeldi Schin. water guava (Eugenia javanica), together with D. dorsalis. Pomelo (Citrus grandis) was found infested for the first time by D. cucurbitae. No flies were trapped using Capilure and trimedlure as baits. Cue-lure attracted D. caudatus, D. cucurbitae, D. frauenfeldi, D. occipitalis (Bez.) and D. tau. Methyl eugenol attracted D. dorsalis and D. umbrosus. Dorsalure was less attractive to D. caudatus and D. dorsalis than cue-lure and methyl eugenol, respectively, but it was equally attractive to D. frauenfeldi as cue-lure. Using traps baited with cue-lure or methyl eugenol in five ecosystems, the highest numbers of males of D. dorsalis, D. umbrosus, D. frauenfeldi and D. caudatus trapped were from a village, on a vegetable farm for D. cucurbitae, and D. occipitalis was only caught in a forest. Analysis showed that for each species of Dacus the difference between ecosystems was highly significant. The few examples caught in grassland were probably migrants.