Autopolyploidy in Dactylis glomerata L.: further evidence from studies of chloroplast DNA variation

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Abstract
Chloroplast DNA variation has been used to examine some of the maternal lineages involved in the evolution of the intraspecific polyploid complex, Dactylis glomerata L. Diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) individuals were collected from natural populations of the subspecies glomerata (4x), marina (4x) and lusitanica (2x), as well as from sympatric 2x/4x populations of the Galician type. Digestion of their ctDNA with 11 restriction endonucleases revealed enough variation to characterise three ctDNA variants, designated MBMK, MBmK and mBMK. The distribution of these ctDNA variants reflects different stages in their spread among the populations. The MBMK ctDNA variant predominated at both ploidy levels in subspecies glomerata, lusitanica and marina, and in recent tetraploid Galician/glomerata hybrids. The MBmK variant was detected in a single tetraploid individual and probably results from a relatively recent mutation. Fixation of the mBMK minority variant in the diploid and tetraploid Galician populations adds to the evidence concerning the possible origin of the Galician tetraploids. It means that the Galician diploids were maternal ancestors of the tetraploids. This result complements evidence from earlier studies based on morphology or biochemical markers, and reduces the likelihood that the tetraploids arose by hybridisation between an ancient Galician diploid and an alien tetraploid. It is, however, consistent with a true autopolyploid origin of the tetraploids.