Antigenically Distinct MF59-Adjuvanted Vaccine to Boost Immunity to H5N1

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Abstract
Antigenically distinct avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses are widely dispersed.1 Clade 1 H5N1 viruses previously predominated in Indochina. Indonesian, Eurasian, and African viruses are clustered in a clade 2 group, with antigenically distinct sublineages. Clade 0 viruses caused influenza outbreaks in Hong Kong in 1997 but have not been isolated since then. To reduce shortfalls in vaccine supply at the onset of the next pandemic, advance stockpiling of vaccine has been suggested. Because of antigenic evolution of H5N1, current vaccines may be suboptimally matched to the actual pandemic virus. Proactive priming may induce immune memory, allowing low-dose vaccination to induce rapid cross-protection when needed.