Comparison of atomic charges derived via different procedures

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Abstract
Atomic charges were obtained fromab initiomolecular orbital calculations using a variety of procedures to compare them and assess their utility. Two procedures based on the molecular orbitals were examined, the Mulliken population analysis and the Weinhold–Reed Natural Population Analysis. Two procedures using the charge density distribution were included; the Hirshfeld procedure and Bader's Atoms in Molecules method. Charges also were derived by fitting the electrostatic potential (CHELPG) and making use of the atomic polar tensors (GAPT). The procedures were first examined for basis set independence, and then applied to a group of hydrocarbons. The dipole moments for these molecules were computed from the various atomic charges and compared to the total SCF dipole moments. This was followed by an examination of a series of substituted methanes, simple hydrides, and a group of typical organic compounds such as carbonyl derivatives, nitriles, and nitro compounds. In some cases, the ability of the charges to reproduce electrostatic potentials was examined. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.