Seasonal Changes in the Temperature of Windermere (English Lake District)

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Abstract
The temp. of this "coastal" lake was surveyed between Nov., 1931, and Oct., 1932, through use of water bottle samples at 7 or 8 depths. The lake is divided into 2 basins with mean depths of 26 and 17.7 m. The lake seldom freezes in the winter and is classified as belonging to the "second order." Seasonal changes in temp. at all depths are plotted in detail. Thermal stratification occurs only in the summer with complete isolation of the hypolimnion from July 22 to Aug. 11, although partial isolation occurs for a longer time. The steepest gradient in the "discontinuity layer" was 0.9[degree]C/m. The density of the water at various depths was measured. The annual heat budget and summer heat income for the north basin were 17,500 and 20,490 and for the south basin, 13,230 and 15,680 g. cal./sq. cm., respectively. The relation of biol. productivity to the temp. range and to both the duration and the degree of summer isolation of the hypolimnion is stressed. Comparisons are made between this lake and others in central Europe, Scandinavia, Scotland, and N. America.