Structure-Based Design: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Novel Cycloamide-Derived HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors

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Abstract
The structure-based design and synthesis of a series of novel nonpeptide HIV protease inhibitors are described. The inhibitors were designed based upon the X-ray crystal structure of inhibitor 1 (UIC-94017)-bound HIV-1 protease. The inhibitors incorporated 3-hydroxysalicyclic acid-derived acyclic and cyclic P2 ligand into the (R)-(hydroxyethylamino)sulfonamide isostere. The inhibitors contain only two chiral centers and are readily synthesized in optically active form utilizing Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, regioselective epoxide opening, and ring-closing olefin metathesis using Grubbs' catalyst as the key steps. We have synthesized 13−15-membered cycloamides and evaluated their HIV-1 protease enzyme inhibitory and antiviral activities in MT-2 cells. Interestingly, all cycloamide-derived inhibitors are noticeably more potent than the corresponding acyclic compounds. The ring size and substituent effects were investigated. It turned out that the 14-membered saturated ring is preferred by the S1−S2 active sites of HIV-1 protease. Macrocycle 26 showed excellent enzyme inhibitory potency with a Ki value of 0.7 nM and an antiviral IC50 value of 0.3 μM. In view of their structural simplicity and preliminary interesting results, further optimization of these inhibitors is underway.