Coronary sinus atrial pacing: radiographic considerations

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Abstract
Transvenous atrial pacing via an electrode placed in the coronary sinus has become an increasingly frequent procedure during the past 10 years for both diagnosis and therapy of cardiac arrhythmias. The coronary sinus has five major venous tributaries, any one of which can be entered by a pacing catheter. A catheter in the middle cardiac vein can mimic the usual ventricular pacemaker position, while an electrode in the coronary sinus or in a persistent left superior vena cava may be mistaken for myocardial perforation. A persistent left superior vena cava may also be catheterized. This anomaly is associated with a tenfold increased incidence of congenital atrioventricular conduction abnormalities and, therefore, is surprisingly common in patients having coronary sinus pacers placed because of cardiac arrhythmias.