Calmodulin supports both inactivation and facilitation of L-type calcium channels

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Abstract
L-type Ca2+ channels support Ca2+ entry into cells, which triggers cardiac contraction1, controls hormone secretion from endocrine cells2 and initiates transcriptional events that support learning and memory3. These channels are examples of molecular signal-transduction units that regulate themselves through their own activity. Among the many types of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel, L-type Ca2+ channels particularly display inactivation and facilitation, both of which are closely linked to the earlier entry of Ca2+ ions4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Both forms of autoregulation have a significant impact on the amount of Ca2+ that enters the cell during repetitive activity, with major consequences downstream. Despite extensivebiophysical analysis9, the molecular basis of autoregulation remains unclear, although a putative Ca2+-binding EF-hand motif11,12 and a nearby consensus calmodulin-binding isoleucine-glutamine (‘IQ’) motif13,14 in the carboxy terminus of the α1C channel subunit have been implicated12,14,15,16. Here we show that calmodulin is a critical Ca2+ sensor for both inactivation and facilitation, and that the nature of the modulatory effect depends on residues within the IQ motif important for calmodulin binding. Replacement of the native isoleucine by alanine removed Ca2+-dependent inactivation and unmasked a strong facilitation; conversion of the same residue to glutamate eliminated both forms of autoregulation. These results indicate that the same calmodulin molecule may act as a Ca2+ sensor for both positive and negative modulation.