Cooperative α‐helix formation of β‐lactoglobulin and melittin induced by hexafluoroisopropanol

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Abstract
Alcohols denature the native state of proteins, and also stabilize the α‐helical conformation in unfolded proteins and peptides. Among various alcohols, trifluoroethanol (TFE) and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) are often used because of their high potential to induce such effects. However, the reason why TFE and HFIP are more effective than other alcohols is unknown. Using CD, we studied the effects of TFE and HFIP as well as reference alcohols, i.e., methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol, on the conformation of bovine β‐lactoglobulin and the bee venom melittin at pH 2. Upon addition of alcohols, β‐lactoglobulin exhibited a transformation from the native state, consisting of β‐sheets, to the α‐helical state, whereas melittin folded from the unfolded state to the α‐helical state. In both cases, the order of effectiveness of alcohols was shown to be: HFIP > TFE > isopropanol > ethanol > methanol. The alcohol‐induced transitions were analyzed assuming a two‐state mechanism to obtain the m value, a measure of the dependence of the free energy change on alcohol concentration. Comparison of the m values indicates that the high potential of TFE can be explained by the additive contribution of constituent groups, i.e., F atoms and alkyl group. On the other hand, the high potential of HFIP is more than that expected from the additive effects, suggesting that the cooperative formation of micelle‐like clusters of HFIP is important.