INITIATION AND MODIFICATION OF RHYTHMIC BUCCAL MOTOR OUTPUT IN THE ISOLATED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF LYMNAEA STAGNALIS

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Abstract
The neural circuitry underlying generation of rhythmic feeding movements in Lymnaea stagnalis has been described in detail. Three types of higher order inter-neurone modulate the output of the feeding rhythm generator. When stimulated, the Slow Oscillator and Cerebral Ventral 1 interneurones initiate and maintain patterned motor output. The serotonergic Cerebral Giant Cells (CGCs) can also initiate the rhythm, but may suppress or abolish an ongoing rhythm. Application of serotonin to the central nervous system mimicks the effects of stimulating the CGCs. Another monoamine, dopamine, reliably activates the feeding rhythm generator. Other neuroactive substances, acetylcholine and FMRFamide, inhibit rhythmic motor output. The variety of routes by which feeding motor output may be controlled experimentally suggests that the system is highly flexible. This would allow for adaptation to a range of sensory environments.

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