Biotechnology — The Enormous Cost of Success

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Abstract
The introduction 30 years ago of hemodialysis as a widely used treatment for renal disease began a classic cycle of good news and bad news. On the bright side, vast numbers of people with life-threatening kidney failure had their lives miraculously extended. Unhappily, many of them soon acquired severe anemia and were forced to depend on repeated transfusions for survival, inasmuch as the kidney — with its molecular-oxygen sensor and messenger system — regulates the number of red cells in addition to cleansing the blood of waste products. When the oxygen tension drops, erythropoietin is secreted by the kidney and . . .

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