The Final Phase of Urban Apartheid Zoning in South Africa, 1990/1

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Abstract
The Group Areas Act and the Black Communities Development Act, which provided for the zoning of urban land ownership and occupation on a racial basis in South Africa, were repealed at the end of June 1991. By then over one million hectares of urban land had been zoned for the mutually exclusive occupation of legally defined groups. The allocation of land was highly unequal, with Whites obtaining a markedly disproportionate share of the cities. The proclamation of group areas and Black development areas continued unabated until the time the repeal legislation took effect.