Microinjection of plasmid DNA encoding the A surface antigen of Paramecium tetraurelia restores the ability to regenerate a wild-type macronucleus.

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Abstract
Strain d48 of Paramecium tetraurelia contains the A i-antigen gene in the micronucleus, but the gene is lost when micronuclear products develop into the macronucleus. It has recently been shown that when injected into d48, macronucleoplasm from the wild type transforms d48 cells to wild type. It is shown here that wild-type cytoplasm can also bring about transformation, with a marked stage-specific sensitivity for both donor and recipient. It was also found that a plasmid containing the cloned A gene could transform d48 to wild type. Injection of nucleoplasm from animals in the vegetative stage of the cell cycle into the cytoplasm of recipients at various stages of autogamy caused high-frequency transformation of cells able to express the A serotype both before and after the next autogamy. Injection of nucleoplasm into vegetative macronuclei produced over 70% transformants able to express the A serotype after the next autogamy. The ability of nucleoplasm to transform was acquired at the second cell cycle after autogamy and was maintained throughout the vegetative stage. When cytoplasm was obtained from donors during autogamy and injected into the cytoplasm of recipients 1 to 2 h after the sensitive period, quite high frequencies of stable revertants were found when tested both before and after the next autogamy. Cells that were injected into the macronucleus with the cloned A plasmid expressed the A serotype after five fissions in over 20% of the lines and maintained this ability through successive fissions; all transformants except one stably expressed the A serotype even after the next autogamy.