Pulsed Doppler accuracy assessment due to frequency-dependent attenuation and Rayleigh scattering error sources

Abstract
All engineering measurements are subject to inaccurate and imprecise estimates, including the estimate of blood flow velocity. An assessment of specific error sources can minimize such uncertainties. Frequency-dependent attenuation and Rayleigh scattering are significant error sources for pulsed Doppler ultrasound because the transmitted ultrasonic signal has a finite width spectrum. The former causes a frequency downshift and the latter a frequency upshift, both of which are independent of the actual Doppler frequency shift. This communication evaluates these error sources through computer stimulation and compares the computed error to experimental data.