Residual Ca2 + and short-term synaptic plasticity

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Abstract
AT many synapses, the amount of transmitter released by action potentials increases progressively during a train of spikes. This enhancement of evoked transmitter release grows during tetanic stimulation with several time constants, each bearing a different name (facilitation: tens to hundreds of milliseconds; augmentation: several seconds; potentiation: several minutes), and the enhance-ment of release to test spikes after a tetanus decays with similar time constants. All these processes depend on presynaptic Ca2 + influx during the conditioning tetanus1. It has often been proposed that these forms of synaptic plasticity are due to residual Ca2 + present in nerve terminals following conditioning activity2. We tested this idea directly by using photolabile Ca2 + chelators to reduce residual Ca2 * following conditioning stimulation or to gen-erate an artificial elevation in Ca2 + concentration, and observed the effects on synaptic transmission at crayfish neuromuscular junctions. We found that facilitation, augmentation and potentia-tion are caused by the continuing action of residual Ca2 +. Augmen-tation and potentiation seem to arise from Ca2 + acting at a separate site from facilitation, and these sites are different from the molecular target triggering neurosecretion.