Evaluation of triple quantum‐filtered 23Na NMR spectroscopy in the in situ rat liver

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Abstract
Triple quantum (TQ)-filtered 23Na NMR spectroscopy and the shift reagent, TmDOTP5-, have been used to evaluate the contributions of intra- (Nai+) and extracellular (Nae+) sodium to the TQ-filtered signal in the rat liver, in situ. Nae+ contributed significantly to the total TQ-filtered signal in live animals, and the intensity of this signal did not change postmortem. The TQ-filtered Nai+ signal increased by approximately 380% over a period of 1 h postmortem, whereas the single quantum (SQ) Nai+ increased by 90%. The constancy of the TQ-filtered Nae+ signal indicates that changes in total TQ-filtered 23Na signal intensity in liver (without a shift reagent) may accurately reflect changes in TQ-filtered Nai+ signal intensity. The large percent increase in the TQ-filtered Nai+ signal as compared to the SQ signal suggests that the fraction of Nai+ interacting with macromolecules increases after death.