Forward conditioning, backward conditioning, pseudoconditioning, and adaptation to the conditioned stimulus.

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Abstract
In an avoidance conditioning situation, 4 groups of S's were given forward-order, backward-order, random-order, and pseudo-conditioning training. Number of finger movements in an extinction series of 10 conditioned stimuli was the criterion of strength of response. All groups responded appreciably. The unconditioned response to sound was not facilitated by forward-order training. It is not clear whether the criterion responses to the other types of training should be classed as facilitated unconditioned responses; pseudo-conditioning seems the better explanation. The results from random-order and pseudo-conditioning training demonstrate the possibility of the operation of inherent and relatively constant nonassociative factors (pseudo-conditioning, arising from repeated presentation of the unconditioned stimulus, and adaptation, arising from repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus) which tend to augment or decrement the effect of purely associative factors. The response strength to forward-order training is partly, that to backward-order training almost completely, due to factors which have nothing to do with the temporal relationship between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

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