Ultra-High-Field MAS NMR Assay of a Multispin Labeled Ligand Bound to Its G-Protein Receptor Target in the Natural Membrane Environment: Electronic Structure of the Retinylidene Chromophore in Rhodopsin

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Abstract
11-Z-[8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,19,20-13C10]Retinal prepared by total synthesis is reconstituted with opsin to form rhodopsin in the natural lipid membrane environment. The 13C shifts are assigned with magic angle spinning NMR dipolar correlation spectroscopy in a single experiment and compared with data of singly labeled retinylidene ligands in detergent-solubilized rhodopsin. The use of multispin labeling in combination with 2-D correlation spectroscopy improves the relative accuracy of the shift measurements. We have used the chemical shift data to analyze the electronic structure of the retinylidene ligand at three levels of understanding: (i) by specifying interactions between the 13C-labeled ligand and the G-protein-coupled receptor target, (ii) by making a charge assessment of the protonation of the Schiff base in rhodopsin, and (iii) by evaluating the total charge on the carbons of the retinylidene chromophore. In this way it is shown that a conjugation defect is the predominant ground-state property governing the molecular electronics of the retinylidene chromophore in rhodopsin. The cumulative chemical shifts at the odd-numbered carbons (Δσodd) of 11-Z-protonated Schiff base models relative to the unprotonated Schiff base can be used to measure the extent of delocalization of positive charge into the polyene. For a series of 11-Z-protonated Schiff base models and rhodopsin, Δσodd appears to correlate linearly with the frequency of maximum visible absorption. Since rhodopsin has the largest value of Δσodd, the data contribute to existing and converging spectroscopic evidence for a complex counterion stabilizing the protonated Schiff base in the binding pocket.