Nested reciprocities: The organism–environment system in perception–action and development

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Abstract
The ecological approach to studying perception and action is one in which researchers view the structure in ambient energy arrays surrounding a given organism as being sufficient to specify meaningful environmental properties to that organism. Thus, from this perspective, perception is viewed not as a cognitive achievement but as a lawful state of affairs that exists in an organism–environment system. The approach to studying development known as transactionalism is one in which researchers view the developmental process as the expression of a complex web of endogenous and exogenous factors. Thus, from this perspective, development is not an unfolding of a genetic program, but rather an ongoing exchange among levels of the organism–environment system that continues throughout the life span of the organism. Despite their independent development, these two meta-theoretical approaches have much in common. In each approach, the organism–environment system is the fundamental unit of analysis, and the development of perception and behavior is spread across the multiple levels of this system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 317–334, 2003.