Remembering environmental sounds: The role of verbalization at input

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Abstract
The 1st experiment showed that human sound recognition was highly dependent upon consistent verbal interpretation at input and test. While such a finding implied an important role for verbalization, the 2nd experiment suggested that verbalization was not the only efficacious strategy for encoding environmental sounds. Recognition after presentation of sounds differed qualitatively from recognition after presentation of sounds accompanied with interpretative verbal labels and from recognition after presentation of verbal labels alone. Encoding physical information about sounds was apparently of greater importance for sound recognition than for verbal free recall, and verbalization was of greater importance for free recall than for recognition. Several alternative frameworks for the results were presented, and separate retrieval and discrimination processes in recognition were proposed.

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