XIV. The effect of manganese, iron and nickel on the ?/? brass equilibrium

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Abstract
The forms of the α(α+β) and (α+β)/β isothermal phase boundaries are discussed for the ternary system Cu-Al-Zn, and for ternary systems of the type Cu-A1-X, and Cu-Zn-X, where X is a transition element. It is shown that in the system Cu-A1-Mn and Cu-Zn-Mn, the first additions of manganese affect the α/(α+β) and (α+β)/β boundaries in the way that would be expected if the α/β equilibrium were determined by electron concentration, and manganese acted as a divalent element. On passing from manganese → iron → nickel there is a continual decrease in the apparent valency of the transition element if it is again assumed that the equilibrium is determined by electron concentration (data are not available for the effect of cobalt). The valencies which have to be ascribed to the fransition elements from the above point of view are quite different trom the numbers of electrons per atom which Pauling's theories regard as concerned in the bonding process in the crystals of the transition elements.

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