Aspects of Extra- and Intro-Punitive Expression in Mental Illness

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Abstract
The termsextrapunitiveandintropunitivewere introduced by Rosenzweig (1938) to denote two of the possible ways in which an individual might react to frustration or blame. He defined the extrapunitive reaction as: “When the individual tends to blame the external world, reacts with anger and hostility, and psychologically defends himself by what the psycho-analyst describes as the mechanism of projection. An ego which fears blaming itself thus gains security by blaming others instead”.

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