Immunohistological basis of the late gadolinium enhancement phenomenon in tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy

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Abstract
Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy is characterized by transient contractile dysfunction after emotional or physical stress. Only few patients show late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It was the purpose of this study to elucidate the histological basis of this phenomenon. The study included 15 patients. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy was diagnosed by coronary angiography and ventriculography. Cardiac MRI was performed within 24 h of admission. Endomyocardial biopsies were taken during the acute phase and after recovery. The content of fibrosis was determined by immunohistochemical staining of collagen-1. In the acute phase, cardiac MRI revealed LGE in five patients. This was completely reversed at follow-up [14, inter-quartile range (IQR) 11–14.5 days]. All patients showed a significant increase of collagen-1 compared with control tissue. Moreover, the amount of collagen-1 was significantly higher in LGE positive patients (LGE positive: 18.84, IQR 13.82–19.75 AU/μm2; LGE negative: 7.57, IQR 5.41–9.19 AU/μm2, P = 0.001). The presence of LGE was not associated with poorer left ventricular function. The presence of LGE cannot rule out tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy. Instead it defines a special subgroup of patients with a disproportionate increase of extracellular matrix.