Increased Expression of Protein Kinase Cα, Interleukin-1α, and RhoA Guanosine 5′-Triphosphatase in Osteoblasts Expressing the Ser252Trp Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Apert Mutation: Identification by Analysis of Complementary DNA Microarray

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Abstract
Apert (Ap) syndrome is a craniofacial malformation characterized by premature fusion of cranial sutures (craniosynostosis). We previously showed that the Ser252Trp fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR-2) mutation in Ap syndrome increases osteoblast differentiation and subperiosteal bone matrix formation, leading to premature calvaria ossification. In this study, we used the emerging technology of complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray to identify genes that are involved in osteoblast abnormalities induced by the Ser252Trp FGFR-2 mutation. To identify the signaling pathways involved in this syndrome, we used radioactively labeled cDNAs derived from two sources of cellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for hybridization: control (Co) and mutant Ap immortalized osteoblastic cells. Among genes that were differentially expressed, protein kinase Cα (PKC-α), interleukin-1α (IL-1α), and the small guanosine-5′-triphosphatase (GTPase) RhoA were increased in FGFR-2 mutant Ap cells compared with Co cells. The validity of the hybridization array was confirmed by Northern blot analysis using mRNAs derived from different cultures. Furthermore, immunochemical and Western blot analyses showed that mutant Ap cells displayed increased PKC-α, IL-1α, and RhoA protein levels compared with Co cells. Treatment of Co and Ap cells with the PKC inhibitor calphostin C decreased IL-1α and RhoA mRNA and protein levels in Ap cells, indicating that PKC is upstream of IL-1α and RhoA. Moreover, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and PD-98059, a specific inhibitor of MAPK kinase (MEKK), also reduced IL-1α and RhoA expression in Ap cells. These data show that the Ser252Trp FGFR-2 mutation in Ap syndrome induces constitutive overexpression of PKC-α, IL-1α, and small GTPase RhoA, suggesting a role for these effectors in osteoblast alterations induced by the mutation. The cDNA microarray technology appears to be a useful tool to gain information on abnormal gene expression and molecular pathways induced by genetic mutations in bone cells.

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