Origin of Apparent Negative Impedance in Three Terminal Measurements

Abstract
A brief discussion is presented of the occurrence of spurious negative dissipation factors, which appear to correspond to negative resistances, in the measurement of three terminal low loss specimens. The origin of these negative values is traced to series resistance in the guard ring lead and a technique, involving the use of a four electrode specimen, is described which obviates the need for extremely low resistance electrodes and leads.

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