Ketamine Alters Calcium and Magnesium in Brain Tissue following Experimental Head Trauma in Rats

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Abstract
We previously reported that the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists dizocilpine maleate and ketamine improved the neurological severity score (NSS) after head trauma in rats. Other investigators have reported increased calcium and decreased magnesium following head trauma in untreated rats. The present study was designed to determine whether ketamine influences the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in brain tissue following head trauma. Eighty-six male Sprague–Dawley rats (180 ± 15 g) were divided into eight groups. Groups A (no head injury) and C (head injury) received no treatment. Groups B (no head injury) and D–H (head injury) received ketamine. In groups D, E, and F, ketamine, 180 mg/kg i.p., was given 1, 2, and 4 h after head trauma, respectively. In groups G and H, ketamine, 120 and 60 mg/kg, respectively, was given 1 h after head trauma. After we killed the rats at 48 h, cortical slices were taken to measure tissue calcium and magnesium content by the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy method. In the contused hemispheres, calcium increased and magnesium decreased (p < 0.0001). Among the head-injured groups, the increase in brain tissue calcium was smaller in groups receiving 60 mg/kg of ketamine at 1 h or 180 mg/kg of ketamine at 1, 2, or 4 h than in the group not receiving ketamine. The decrease in brain tissue magnesium was smaller in the groups receiving 180 mg/kg of ketamine at 1 and 2 h than in the group not receiving ketamine. Temporalis muscle and rectal temperatures at 1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 h after head trauma were not significantly different between treated and untreated groups. It is concluded that, in this model of closed cranial impact, 180 mg/kg of ketamine given 1 or 2 h after injury reduced both the increase in brain tissue calcium and the decrease in brain tissue magnesium at 48 h following head trauma.